Arthur Zimmermann - Profile

Arthur Zimmermann - Profile Arthur Zimmerman worked as the German Foreign Secretary during 1916-17 (mid World War 1), during which time he sent the Zimmermann Note / Telegram, a document whose clumsy diplomacy (trying to trigger a Mexican invasion of the US) contributed to America’s entry into the war and earned Zimmerman lasting infamy as a hapless failure. Born 5 October 1864, Died 6 June 1940. Early Career Born in 1864 Marggrabowa, East Prussia (now called Olecko and in Poland), Arthur Zimmermann followed a career in the German civil service, moving to the diplomatic branch in 1905. By 1913 he had a major role thanks partly to the Foreign Secretary, Gottlieb von Jagow, who left much of the face to face negotiations and meetings to Zimmermann. Indeed, Arthur was acting as Foreign Secretary alongside German Emperor Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg in 1914 when the decision to support Austria-Hungary against Serbia, and thus Russia, and thus enter into the First World War, was taken. Zimmermann himself drafted the telegram giving notice of Germanys commitment. Soon most of Europe was fighting each other, and hundreds of thousands were being killed. Germany, in the middle of it all, managed to stay afloat. Arguments Over Submarine Strategy Jagow remained Foreign Secretary until the middle of 1916, when he resigned in protest at the governments decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare, which was likely to provoke a US declaration of war against Germany. This style of warfare involved using submarines to attack any and all shipping they found, whether or not it appeared to be from neutral nations (although American was using an odd sort of neutrality at the best of times), and one major target was US civilian and shipping craft. The US had warned earlier in the war that such tactics might induce it to fight Germany.Zimmermann was appointed his replacement on November 25, thanks partly to his talents, but mainly to his complete support of the military rulers – Hindenburg and Ludendorff – and the submarine policy, which was now going to going ahead. Reacting to the threat from America, Zimmermann proposed an alliance with both Mexico and Japan to create a ground war on US soil. However, the telegram of instructions he sent to his Mexican ambassador in March 1917 was intercepted by the British (not entirely honourably, but there was   a war on) and passed onto the US for maximum effect: it became known as the Zimmermann Note, severely embarrassed Germany and contributed to the American publics support for war. They were, as you might imagine, angered by Germany trying to bring bloodshed to their own country, and were now keener on exporting some of their own in return. A Lack of Denials For reasons that still baffle political spokesmen, Zimmermann publicly admitted to the telegram’s authenticity. Zimmermann remained Foreign Secretary for a few more months, until he retired from government in the August of 1917 (largely because there wasnt a job for him anymore). He lived until 1940 and died with Germany again at war, his career overshadowed by one short communication.

Compare and Contrast «The Searchers» and «Dances with the Wolves»

Compare and Contrast  «The Searchers » and  «Dances with the Wolves » Introduction It seemed to be an American tradition to be fascinated by films that depict the western culture of the United States of America. During the 20th century, novels and movies that depicted the western culture of the country were widely spread and sold within the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast:  «The Searchers » and  «Dances with the Wolves » specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps, The Searchers directed by John Ford and released in 1956 and Dances with the Wolves produced by Kevin Costner in 1990 were one of the best selling movies during the 20th century that gave an insight into the western culture and the interaction between the Native Americans and the settlers. In both of these movies, the similarities and differences between these two cultures are clearly presented. In addition, the relationships between the two nations are also exhibited in an almost exact man ner reflecting a true picture of the current state of affairs during the 19th and early 20th century. The main aim of this essay is, therefore, to compare and contrast these two films. An Analysis of the Films The film Dances with the Wolves was written by Michael Blake. It was directed and starred by Kevin Costner. The film is a western epic film that showcases the life and events of an army lieutenant named John J. Dunber (Kevin Costner) after the American Civil war of the 1860s. After finding out from the doctor that his leg is to be amputated because of the injury that he suffered in the course of the war, Dunbar sacrifices his life and leads the army against the enemy. This heroic act comes about after he saw that it was better for him to die for his country rather than to live with one leg. Ironically, his brave acts lead his people to victory over their enemies. As a result of his heroic deed, Dunber is asked to choose a place where he should be deployed after the war. In Cos tners film, Dunbar chooses Fort Sedgwick that is located in the southern part of Dakota. He says, â€Å"actually sir, am here at my own request. Ive always wanted to see the frontierbefore its gone† He is then posted to Fort Sedgwick as per his request. However, on arrival, he finds the fort abandoned. The area is also not secure since he is vulnerable to attacks from the nearby tribes. Despite the solitude, Dunbar decides to settle at the fort and rebuild it. For the first month, he spends all his time alone. It is during this time he makes friends with a wolf whom he names as Two Socks after the two white paws that it has on its fore limbs.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During this period, Dunbar encounters attacks from the members of the Sioux tribe who try to drive him out of his horse on several occasions. In response to this, he decides to go to their cam p and make peace with them. On his way, he meets with a Native American woman who is injured. Dunbar rescues her and takes her back to her village for treatment. This woman called Stand with a Fist is an adopted daughter of the chief. To show their gratitude, the members of the village accept Dunbar into their village. Due to the language barrier, they communicate using the signs with Stand with a Fist acting as a translator. After a while, Dunbar adopts the culture and lifestyle of the villagers. He even marries Stand with a Fist. Then he decides to return to the fort where he finds that American soldiers have taken over the place. He is arrested since he looks like an Indian. Since he refuses to give away the whereabouts of his tribesmen, he is taken back east for conviction. During this journey, Two Socks follows the convoy in a bid to rescue Dunbar. However, he is wounded in the process. The members of the Sioux tribe show up just in time, kill all the soldiers and rescue Dunbar . Because of the fear that he may be seen as a traitor, Dunbar abandons Stand with a Fist and the other tribesmen. On the close of the film, the American soldiers are seen searching the mountains for the Sioux but in vain. The Searchers is also a western epic film. The film is based on a 1954 novel by Alan le May and directed by John Ford. The film begins with the return of Ethan Edwards to his brothers home in Texas after the end of the Civil War in 1868. A few days after his return, he finds out that the cattle belong to his neighbour. Because of the rage that they have, they decide to retaliate by chasing after the cattle rustlers. However, this is only a diversion, and after they have left their homes, the Comanches come and steal things from their homesteads, kill the rest people, burn their houses and kidnap two underage girls; Debbie and Lucy. The whole film evolves with Ethan, Clayton and Martin searching for the girls. This pursue takes years. In the process, they manage to find the remain of Lucy in an abandoned cave. They also find Debbie who appears to be married to a local Comanche chief called Scar. After a confrontation with Ethan, Debbie refuses to leave her new life that makes Ethan want to shoot her.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast:  «The Searchers » and  «Dances with the Wolves » specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Martin shields her with her body. In Fords film, Ethan draws his gun and points it at Debbie who says, â€Å"go Martin, go.† Ethan keeps shouting, â€Å"Stand aside,† but Martin refuses. In the end, they let Debbie go. However, near the end of the movie, they manage to rescue Debbie against her will and kill Scar, the Comanche chief. From the above description, it is evident that both these films are western epic movies that show life as it was soon after the civil war. In these two movies, the hostility that existe d between the Native Americans and the settlers is also brought out clearly. This is shown when the members of the Sioux tribe try to rob Dunbars horse and when the Comanches steal cattle and kidnap the two girls. Although these are hypothetical events, many cases of the same nature were reported to happen during this era. For instance, there were approximately 90 child kidnappings in Texas during the first half of the 20th century (Chan 512). Both of these movies are also about love and passion. This reveals in the love and affection that Ethan has for Debbie and feelings of Dunbar to Stand with a Fist. However, in Dances with the Wolves, the heroism that is normally associated with the Americans and American soldiers is not shown. As a matter of fact, the American soldiers are seen as normal individuals who are prone to error. The warriors of the Sioux tribe kill them and when the reinforcements come, they are unable to locate their camp. On one hand, Dunbar is also assimilated in to their culture. This act is viewed as inferior to most people. On the other hand, The Searchers shows that the Americans are superior beings and more intelligent over the Comanches. They are able to track them easily down and use their brilliance to rescue Debbie. This is a theme that was used in most western epic films. Conclusion Both of these two films show the way of life of the American people and their neighbours just after the civil war. These movies are important since they give us an insight into the way of life of people during that era. They show the social, political and economic status of American society, especially the community that lived next to the Native Americans. Despite their similarities and differences, these films are a good representation of the American History after the Civil War.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chan, Rita. Directory of American Scholars: History. Boston: Sage, 1999. Print. Costner, Kevin, dir. Dances with the Wolves. Orion Pictures, 1990. Film Ford, John, Dir. The Searchers. Warner Bros. Pictures, 1956. Film

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example 4). A marketing communication plan aims at building market awareness of a product or service. It also aims at coming up with the ways and means of reaching the market and impacting it as much as possible The product in this marketing communication plan is the iPhone and this plan has been designed using the SOSTT+4Ms structure (Blythe 2006, p. 53) IPhone is a brand of smartphones created and marketed by the Apple brand. It was introduced for the first time in the market in 2007 and has undergone four transformations. Currently, the most advanced of the iPhones is the iPhone 4, which has greater capability than the first three generations of iPhones that were introduced into the market. The first two models of the iPhones have ceased being produced. IPhones were the first to add a compass and a front facing camera to their features. The first iPhone was made public in 2007 and it immediately received massive approval in the market with millions of sales being made in the months to come. A year later the iPhone 3G was introduced in the market again and in 2009 the iPhone 3GS was introduced. This latest model was much cheaper than the others, as Apple was making an attempt to get a hold of a larger market than with the first two generations of iPhones. With the iPhone 4 being the latest model in the market, the iPhone 3GS is the cheapest model in the market (Apple Inc., 2011). Upon the introduction of the iPhones into the market, sales have shot through the roof. Millions of sales were made in the first few quarters of the existence of the iPhones in the market. By the end of the financial year 2010, there were more than 72 million units of iPhones sold all over the world. It is expected that 2011 will show a tremendous improvement in these figures thanks to the introduction of the iPhone 4 into the market. Currently, the iPhone holds more than 50% of the worlds profit in mobile phone sales and has for a while